Antibiotics: What They Do and How to Use Them Safely

Antibiotics kill or slow bacteria — not viruses. That means they help with things like strep throat, urinary tract infections, and some skin infections, but they won’t help a cold or the flu. Using antibiotics the right way keeps them working for you and for everyone else.

How antibiotics work and types to know

Different antibiotics attack bacteria in different ways. Penicillins (like amoxicillin) break cell walls. Macrolides (like azithromycin) block bacterial protein-making. Fluoroquinolones (like ciprofloxacin) affect bacterial DNA. Your doctor picks the type based on the infection and your health history.

Lab tests can show which antibiotic will work best. If your doctor orders a culture, it’s worth waiting for results when possible — it helps avoid guessing and prevents unnecessary antibiotic use.

Smart, safe use — practical tips

Always follow the prescription. Take the dose at the times your provider told you and finish the full course even if you feel better. Stopping early can let some bacteria survive and become resistant.

Watch for common side effects: nausea, diarrhea, and rash. Serious allergic reactions (swelling, trouble breathing, hives) need emergency care. Tell your prescriber about allergies, pregnancy, or medicines you already take — some antibiotics interact with supplements, antacids, blood thinners, and other drugs.

Specific note: some antibiotics, such as fluoroquinolones, can interact with calcium, iron, or antacid products. To avoid reduced effectiveness, hold those minerals a couple of hours before or after the antibiotic unless the label says otherwise.

Antibiotic resistance happens when bacteria adapt and no longer respond to drugs that once killed them. Misusing antibiotics — taking them for viruses, skipping doses, or using leftover pills — speeds this up. Use antibiotics only when prescribed and never share them.

Thinking about buying antibiotics online? Use caution. Buy only from pharmacies that require a prescription, list a real address and phone number, and show clear licensing or accreditation. Extremely low prices or sites that sell prescription drugs without asking for a prescription are red flags. When in doubt, call the pharmacy and ask for pharmacist contact before you buy.

Store medications in their original container, out of reach of children, and follow label storage instructions — some liquid antibiotics need refrigeration. Check expiration dates and properly dispose of unused pills; many local pharmacies run medication take-back programs.

If symptoms don't improve in 48–72 hours after starting an antibiotic, contact your healthcare provider. Your treatment may need adjusting. When antibiotics are used carefully, they save lives. Use them wisely, and ask questions — your pharmacist and doctor can help you make the right call.